Other Movement Disorders and "Pseudodystonias"
Dystonia may also occur in association with other neurologic movement disorders that are not normally classified as forms of dystonia. These may include the following:
- Dystonic tics, which are often classified with other tic disorders
- Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PD). These neurologic movement disorders are characterized by abrupt, transient episodes of excessive or disorganized (hyperkinetic or dyskinetic) movements, including any combination of chorea; relatively slow, writhing motions that appear to flow into one another (athetosis); dystonia; and/or uncontrollable flinging movements of an arm, leg, or both (ballismus). Various forms of PD have been described in which paroxysmal episodes may...
- Be provoked by sudden voluntary movement or unexpected stimuli (paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia [PKD])
- Occur spontaneously or be triggered or exacerbated by caffeine or alcohol consumption, stress, fatigue, or other factors (paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia [PNKD])
- Be precipitated by prolonged exertion (paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia [PED]) or sleep (paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia [PHD])
